玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)(mian)屬于玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)中的一(yi)個類別(bie)，是(shi)一(yi)種人造無機(ji)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)。采用(yong)石(shi)英砂、石(shi)灰石(shi)、白云石(shi)等(deng)天然(ran)礦石(shi)為主要原(yuan)(yuan)料，配合一(yi)些(xie)純堿(jian)、硼(peng)砂等(deng)化工原(yuan)(yuan)料熔(rong)成玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)。在(zai)融化狀態下(xia)，借助(zhu)外力吹制式甩(shuai)成絮狀細(xi)(xi)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)，纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)和纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)之間(jian)(jian)為立體(ti)交叉，互(hu)相(xiang)纏繞(rao)在(zai)一(yi)起，呈現出許(xu)多細(xi)(xi)小的間(jian)(jian)隙。這種間(jian)(jian)隙可(ke)看(kan)作孔(kong)隙。因此(ci)，玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)(mian)可(ke)視為多孔(kong)材料，具有(you)良好(hao)的絕熱(re)、吸(xi)聲性能(neng)。

　　玻(bo)璃(li)棉是將熔(rong)融玻(bo)璃(li)纖(xian)維(wei)化，形成(cheng)棉狀(zhuang)的材料，化學成(cheng)分(fen)屬(shu)玻(bo)璃(li)類，是一種無機質纖(xian)維(wei) . 具有成(cheng)型好、體積密(mi)度小、熱(re)導(dao)率彽、保溫絕熱(re)、吸音性(xing)能好、耐腐飾、化學性(xing)能穩定(ding)。

　　礦棉石(shi)的主要成分是高爐(lu)礦渣、磷礦渣、粉煤灰(hui)等。

　　離心玻璃棉

　　離(li)心玻璃棉內部纖(xian)維蓬松交錯，存在大量微小的(de)孔隙，是典型的(de)多孔性(xing)吸(xi)聲材料，具(ju)有良好的(de)吸(xi)聲特性(xing)。離(li)心玻璃棉可以制成墻(qiang)板、天(tian)花板、空間吸(xi)聲體(ti)等(deng)，可以大量吸(xi)收(shou)房(fang)間內的(de)聲能，降(jiang)低混響時(shi)間，減少室(shi)內噪聲。

　　離心(xin)玻璃棉的吸聲特(te)性不(bu)但(dan)與厚度和容重有(you)關，也與罩面(mian)材料、結構構造(zao)等因素有(you)關。在建(jian)筑(zhu)應用中還(huan)需(xu)同時兼(jian)顧造(zao)價、美觀、防(fang)火(huo)、防(fang)潮、粉塵、耐老化(hua)等多方(fang)面(mian)問題。

　　離心(xin)(xin)玻(bo)璃棉(mian)屬于多孔(kong)吸聲(sheng)(sheng)材料，具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)吸聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)能(neng)。離心(xin)(xin)玻(bo)璃棉(mian)能(neng)夠吸聲(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)不是(shi)由(you)于表面粗糙，而是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為具(ju)有大量的(de)(de)(de)內外連通的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)小(xiao)孔(kong)隙(xi)和孔(kong)洞。當(dang)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)入(ru)射(she)到離心(xin)(xin)玻(bo)璃棉(mian)上時(shi)，聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)能(neng)順著孔(kong)隙(xi)進入(ru)材料內部，引起(qi)空(kong)隙(xi)中空(kong)氣分子的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動。由(you)于空(kong)氣的(de)(de)(de)粘滯阻力和空(kong)氣分子與孔(kong)隙(xi)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)，聲(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)轉化為熱能(neng)而損耗。

　　離心玻璃棉(mian)對聲(sheng)(sheng)音中高頻(pin)(pin)有較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。影響離心玻璃棉(mian)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)主要因(yin)素是(shi)(shi)厚度(du)(du)、密(mi)度(du)(du)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)等。密(mi)度(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)每立(li)方米材(cai)料的(de)(de)重(zhong)量。空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)位厚度(du)(du)時材(cai)料兩(liang)側空(kong)氣(qi)氣(qi)壓和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)速(su)之(zhi)比。空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)是(shi)(shi)影響離心玻璃棉(mian)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)因(yin)素。流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)太小(xiao)，說明材(cai)料稀(xi)疏，空(kong)氣(qi)振(zhen)動(dong)容(rong)易穿過，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)下降(jiang)；流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)太大(da)，說明材(cai)料密(mi)實，空(kong)氣(qi)振(zhen)動(dong)難(nan)(nan)于(yu)傳入，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)亦下降(jiang)。對于(yu)離心玻璃棉(mian)來講(jiang)，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)存在(zai)(zai)優先流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)。在(zai)(zai)實際工(gong)程中，測定空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)比較(jiao)困難(nan)(nan)，但可以通過厚度(du)(du)和(he)容(rong)重(zhong)粗(cu)略估計和(he)控制。1、隨著厚度(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)，中低頻(pin)(pin)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)數顯著地增(zeng)加(jia)，但高頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)化不大(da)（高頻(pin)(pin)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)總是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)）。2、厚度(du)(du)不變(bian)，容(rong)重(zhong)增(zeng)加(jia)，中低頻(pin)(pin)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)數亦增(zeng)加(jia)；

　　但當(dang)(dang)(dang)容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增加到一定(ding)程度(du)時(shi)(shi)，材料變得密實，流阻大于優先流阻，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系數(shu)(shu)反而(er)下(xia)降(jiang)。對于厚度(du)超過(guo)5cm的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為16Kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)離心(xin)(xin)玻璃(li)棉，低(di)(di)頻(pin)125Hz約為0.2，中高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)（>500Hz）的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系數(shu)(shu)已經接(jie)(jie)近(jin)于1了。當(dang)(dang)(dang)厚度(du)由(you)5cm繼續(xu)增大時(shi)(shi)，低(di)(di)頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系數(shu)(shu)逐漸提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)厚度(du)大于1m以上時(shi)(shi)，低(di)(di)頻(pin)125Hz的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系數(shu)(shu)也將(jiang)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)于1。當(dang)(dang)(dang)厚度(du)不變，容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增大時(shi)(shi)，離心(xin)(xin)玻璃(li)棉的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系數(shu)(shu)也將(jiang)不斷提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)110kg/m3時(shi)(shi)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性能(neng)達到較(jiao)大值，50mm厚、頻(pin)率125Hz處接(jie)(jie)近(jin)0.6-0.7。容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)120kg/m3時(shi)(shi)，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性能(neng)反而(er)下(xia)降(jiang)，是因為材料變得致密，中高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性能(neng)受到很大影(ying)響(xiang)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)300kg/m3時(shi)(shi)，吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性能(neng)減小很多。建筑聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學中常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)玻璃(li)棉的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)有2.5cm、5cm、10cm，容(rong)(rong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有16、24、32、48、80、96、112kg/m3。通常(chang)使用5cm厚，12-48kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)離心(xin)(xin)玻璃(li)棉。

　　離心玻璃棉(mian)(mian)的(de)吸聲(sheng)(sheng)性能還(huan)與(yu)安(an)裝(zhuang)條件有(you)著密切的(de)關系。當(dang)玻璃棉(mian)(mian)板背后有(you)空氣層時(shi)，與(yu)相同厚度(du)無空氣層的(de)玻璃棉(mian)(mian)板吸聲(sheng)(sheng)效果類似。尤其是中(zhong)低(di)頻吸聲(sheng)(sheng)性能比材料實貼在硬底面上會有(you)較大提高，吸聲(sheng)(sheng)系數將(jiang)隨空氣層的(de)厚度(du)增(zeng)加而(er)增(zeng)加，但(dan)增(zeng)加到一定(ding)值后效果就不(bu)明(ming)顯了。

　　使用不同容(rong)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)疊和在(zai)一(yi)起，形成(cheng)容(rong)重逐漸增大的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，可以獲得(de)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)聲效果。例如將(jiang)一(yi)層2.5cm厚24kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)板(ban)(ban)與一(yi)層2.5cm厚32kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)板(ban)(ban)疊和在(zai)一(yi)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)聲效果要好(hao)于(yu)一(yi)層5cm厚32kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)板(ban)(ban)。將(jiang)24kg/m3的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)板(ban)(ban)制成(cheng)1m長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)面(mian)為三角型的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖劈，材料面(mian)密度(du)逐漸增大，平(ping)均吸(xi)聲系數(shu)可接近于(yu)1。

　　離(li)(li)心(xin)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)在(zai)建筑使用(yong)中，表(biao)面(mian)往往要附加(jia)有(you)一定透(tou)聲(sheng)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)飾面(mian)，如(ru)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)0.5mm的(de)(de)(de)塑料(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo)、金屬網、窗紗(sha)、防(fang)火布(bu)、玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)絲布(bu)等(deng)(deng)，基(ji)本(ben)可以保持原來的(de)(de)(de)吸聲(sheng)特性(xing)。離(li)(li)心(xin)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)具有(you)防(fang)火、保溫、易(yi)于(yu)(yu)切割(ge)等(deng)(deng)優良(liang)特性(xing)，是建筑吸聲(sheng)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)之一。但是由(you)于(yu)(yu)離(li)(li)心(xin)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)表(biao)面(mian)無裝(zhuang)飾性(xing)，而且會有(you)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)灑落，因(yin)此必須制(zhi)成(cheng)各種吸聲(sheng)構(gou)件隱蔽(bi)使用(yong)。常使用(yong)也是造價較低廉的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)造是穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)紙(zhi)面(mian)石(shi)膏板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)吊頂或做成(cheng)內填離(li)(li)心(xin)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)的(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)板(ban)(ban)墻面(mian)，穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)率大于(yu)(yu)20%時，基(ji)本(ben)能夠發揮出離(li)(li)心(xin)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)的(de)(de)(de)吸聲(sheng)性(xing)能。為了防(fang)止玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)灑出，需要在(zai)穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)板(ban)(ban)背后附一層無紡布(bu)、桑皮紙(zhi)等(deng)(deng)透(tou)聲(sheng)織(zhi)物(wu)，或使用(yong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)布(bu)、塑料(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo)等(deng)(deng)包(bao)裹(guo)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)。與(yu)穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)紙(zhi)面(mian)石(shi)膏板(ban)(ban)類似的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)還有(you)穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)金屬板(ban)(ban)（如(ru)鋁板(ban)(ban)）、穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)木板(ban)(ban)、穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)水泥(ni)板(ban)(ban)、穿(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)礦棉(mian)板(ban)(ban)等(deng)(deng)。

　　貴陽音響發現玻(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)板經(jing)過處理(li)后(hou)可(ke)以制成(cheng)(cheng)吸(xi)聲(sheng)吊頂(ding)板或吸(xi)聲(sheng)墻(qiang)板。一般常(chang)見將80-120kg/m3的玻(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)板周邊經(jing)膠水固(gu)化處理(li)后(hou)外包防(fang)火透聲(sheng)織物(wu)形成(cheng)(cheng)既(ji)美觀又方(fang)便(bian)安裝的吸(xi)聲(sheng)墻(qiang)板，常(chang)見尺寸為1.2m×1.2m、1.2m×0.6m、0.6m×0.6m，厚度2.5cm或5cm。也有在110Kg/m3的玻(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)的表面上直接